Architectures for multi-electrode implantable stimulator devices having minimal numbers of decoupling capacitors

ABSTRACT

Architectures for implantable stimulators having N electrodes are disclosed. The architectures contains X current sources, or DACs. In a single anode/multiple cathode design, one of the electrodes is designated as the anode, and up to X of the electrodes can be designated as cathodes and independently controlled by one of the X DACs, allowing complex patient therapy and current steering between electrodes. The design uses at least X decoupling capacitors: X capacitors in the X cathode paths, or one in the anode path and X−1 in the X cathode paths. In a multiple anode/multiple cathode design having X DACs, a total of X−1 decoupling capacitors are needed. Because the number of DACs X can typically be much less than the total number of electrodes (N), these architectures minimize the number of decoupling capacitors which saves space, and ensures no DC current injection even during current steering.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/019,402, filed Feb. 9, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/425,505, filed Apr. 17, 2009 (now abandoned), which are incorporated herein by reference, and to which priority is claimed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to multi-electrode implantable stimulator devices.

BACKGROUND

Implantable stimulation devices generate and deliver electrical stimuli to nerves and tissues for the therapy of various biological disorders, such as pacemakers to treat cardiac arrhythmia, defibrillators to treat cardiac fibrillation, cochlear stimulators to treat deafness, retinal stimulators to treat blindness, muscle stimulators to produce coordinated limb movement, spinal cord stimulators to treat chronic pain, cortical and deep brain stimulators to treat motor and psychological disorders, occipital nerve stimulators to treat migraine headaches, and other neural stimulators to treat urinary incontinence, sleep apnea, shoulder sublaxation, etc. Implantable stimulation devices may comprise a microstimulator device of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2008/0097529, or a spinal cord stimulator of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0135868, or other forms.

Microstimulator devices typically comprise a small, generally-cylindrical housing which carries electrodes for producing a desired electric stimulation current. Devices of this type are implanted proximate to the target tissue to allow the stimulation current to stimulate the target tissue to provide therapy. A microstimulator's case is usually on the order of a few millimeters in diameter by several millimeters to a few centimeters in length, and usually includes or carries stimulating electrodes intended to contact the patient's tissue. However, a microstimulator may also or instead have electrodes coupled to the body of the device via a lead or leads.

Some microstimulators 2 in the prior art contain only one or two electrodes, such as is shown in FIG. 1, and are thus referred to as “bi-electrode” microstimulators. An example of a bi-electrode microstimulator device includes the Bion® device made by Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation of Valencia, Calif. A single anode electrode, Eanode, sources current into a resistance R, i.e., the user's tissue. The return path for the current is provided by a single cathode electrode, Ecathode. Either of the anode or cathode electrodes could comprise the case of the device, or other conductive part of the case. Current flows by operation of a current source 20, which typically comprises a Digital-to-Analog Converter, or “DAC” 20, which is programmable to provide a desired therapeutic current, Iout, to the patient's tissue R. Such current Iout is typically pulsed as shown in the bottom of FIG. 1, and can have a frequency and duty cycle suitable for the patient.

A current source or DAC could also be coupled to the anode. However, as shown, the anode is coupled to a compliance voltage, V+, of sufficient strength to provide the current, Iout, programmed into the DAC 20. This compliance voltage can be generated from a battery voltage, Vbat, provided by a battery 12 in the microstimulator 2. A DC-DC converter 22 is used to boost Vbat to the desired compliance voltage V+, and is controlled by a V+ monitor and adjust circuitry 18. Because such circuitry for compliance voltage generation is well known, and not directly germane to the issues presented by this disclosure, further elaboration is not provided.

Also shown in FIG. 1 is the provision of decoupling or blocking capacitors 42 and 44 hardwired to the anode and cathode respectively. As is well known, such decoupling capacitors only allow the passage of AC components of the current provided by the DAC 20, and thus prevent the DC injection of current into the patient's tissue R (Idc=0). Preventing DC current injection into the tissue is desired for safety: when the DC component of the current is removed, the possibility of current building up in the patient's tissue is minimized.

Although two decoupling capacitors 42 and 44 are shown in FIG. 1, only one is needed to prevent DC current injection, which one capacitor is coupled to the DAC 20. Thus, when the DAC 20 appears on the cathode side of the current path, only a cathode capacitor 44 is needed, as shown in FIG. 2. Likewise, were the DAC 20 on the anode side of the current path, only an anode capacitor 42 would be needed (not shown in FIG. 2). Using only one decoupling capacitor 42 or 44 is preferred because the decoupling capacitors tend to be rather large in comparison to the rest of the circuitry within the microstimulator 2, and hence take up significant room in the case. Reducing the number of decoupling capacitors therefore allows the microstimulator 2 to be made smaller, which simplifies the implanting procedure and conveniences the patient.

Bi-electrode microstimulators 2 benefit from simplicity. Because of their small size, such microstimulators 2 can be implanted at site requiring patient therapy, and without leads to carry the therapeutic current away from the body as mentioned previously. However, such bi-electrode microstimulators lack therapeutic flexibility: once implanted, the single cathode/anode combination will only recruit nerves in their immediate proximity, which generally cannot be changed unless the position of the device is manipulated in a patient's tissue.

To improve therapeutic flexibility, microstimulators having more than two electrodes have been proposed, and such devices are referred to herein as “multi-electrode” microstimulators to differentiate them from bi-electrode microstimulators discussed above. When increasing the number of electrodes in this fashion, the electrodes can be selectively activated once the device is implanted, providing the opportunity to manipulate therapy without having to manipulate the position of the device.

Exemplary multi-electrode microstimulators 4, 6, and 8 are shown in FIGS. 3A-3C respectively, and are disclosed in the '529 Publication referenced above. As its name suggests, the multi-electrode microstimulator comprises a plurality of electrodes, which electrodes may be located on the case in various manners, such as on two sides of the case as shown in the pictures at the bottom right of FIGS. 3A-3C. In this and subsequent examples, it should be noted that any of the electrodes can comprise the implant's case, or conductive portions thereof.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3A, there is provided a dedicated anode electrode, Eanode. By contrast, one of E1 cathode-Encathode is selectable as the cathode via cathode switches 62 ₁-62 _(n). Selecting a particular cathode by closing its corresponding cathode switch couples that cathode to the DAC 20. For example, FIG. 3A shows the circuit that is completed when E1 cathode is selected. Notice that this design employs a single decoupling capacitor 42 in the anode path.

Also shown in FIG. 3A are recovery switches 64 and 66 ₁-66 _(n). As explained in the above-referenced '529 Publication, the recovery switches 64 and 66 ₁-66 _(n) are activated at some point after provision of a stimulation pulse, and have the goal of recovering any remaining charge left on the decoupling capacitor 44 and in the patient's tissue. Thus, after a stimulation pulse, the recovery switch 64 and at least one of switches 66 ₁-66 _(n) are closed. Closure of these switches places the same reference voltage on each plate of the decoupling capacitor 302, thus removing any stored charge. In one embodiment, for convenience, the reference voltage used is the battery voltage, Vbat, of the battery in the microstimulator 4, although any other reference potential could be used. Thus, during recovery, Vbat is placed on the left plate of capacitor 44 via recovery switch 64, and is likewise placed on the right plate (through the patient's tissue, R) via one or all of the recovery switches 66 ₁-66 _(n). As recovery is discussed in further detail in the '529 Publication, and it is not directly germane to this disclosure, it is not further discussed.

The embodiment of FIG. 3B improves upon the embodiment of FIG. 3A in that it allows the anode electrode to be selected as well as the cathode electrode. Thus, the device contains N electrodes, E1-En, any of which can comprise the anode or cathode at any given time. As before, which electrode acts as the cathode is determined by selecting a particular cathode switch 62 ₁-62 _(n). Which electrode acts as the anode is determined by selecting a particular anode switch 68 ₁-68 _(n). For example, FIG. 3B shows the circuit that is completed when E1 is selected as the anode, and E2 is selected as the cathode. Notice again that this design employs a single decoupling capacitor 42 in the anode path, regardless of which electrode is selected as the anode.

The embodiments of FIGS. 3A and 3B are similar in that the singular decoupling capacitor 42 prevents DC current injection to the patient's tissue R, i.e., Idc=0. As a result, these designs can be regarded as generally safe for the reasons stated earlier. Moreover, these designs are generally compact: most significantly, they only require a single decoupling capacitor 42.

However, the designs of FIGS. 3A and 3B have a shortcoming arising from their provision of a single DAC 20, namely the inability to simultaneously and independently modify the current at two or more different cathodes. Being able to so modify the current at two (or more) different cathode electrodes is desired in one example to “steer” current from one cathode to another. The concept of current steering is addressed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0239228, and so is only briefly explained here with reference to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 presents an initial condition, in which E2 has been designated as the anode, and E4 has been designated as the cathode. As the net amount of current provided by these electrodes must equal zero, E2 sources 10 mA, while E4 sinks −10 mA. In the next condition, some of the sink current (−2 mA) has been moved or “steered” from cathode electrode E4 to E3. Steering in 2 mA increments continues until in the last condition, all of the sink current (−10 mA) has been moved to cathode E3, while original cathode E4 is now off. Anode current can be similarly steered in some stimulators, but this is not shown. Being able to steer the current in this fashion not only improves the complexity of therapy that can be provided to the patient, but also allows for safe and comfortable experimentation during fitting to determine the best electrodes to activate for a particular patient. However, the designs of FIGS. 3A and 3B cannot so steer the current at two different cathodes simultaneously.

An embodiment disclosed in the above-referenced '529 Publication capable of current steering is shown in FIG. 3C. This microstimulator 8 improves from the microstimulator 6 of FIG. 3B in that each electrode E1-En has its own dedicated, and independently-controllable, DAC 20 ₁-20 _(n). As a result, more than one electrode can be selected as the cathode at any given time via selection of two or more of the cathode selection switches 62 ₁-62 _(n), and the current sunk at each can be independently controlled by the corresponding DACs 20 ₁-20 _(n), which enables current steering of the sort depicted in FIG. 4.

Unfortunately, microstimulator 8 of FIG. 3C has a shortcoming related to its provision of a single decoupling capacitor 42, namely the possibility of direct DC current injection into the patient's tissue R during current steering. This is illustrated in FIG. 5. The first circuit shows the selection of Ex as the anode, and only a single electrode Ey as the cathode. In this condition, the decoupling capacitor 42 prevents DC current injection through the entirety of the current path. However, the second circuit shows the selection of electrodes Ey and Ez as cathodes, such as might occur when some of the current at Ey is steered to Ez. In this configuration, the decoupling capacitor 42 prevents DC current injection in the anode path Idc_(a)=0. However, no such decoupling capacitor appears in the cathode paths, and therefore DACs 20 y and 20 z are not prevented from providing a DC current through the patient's tissue. In short, while the design of FIG. 3C allows for current steering, and might be relatively compact by virtue of its single capacitor 42, it does not guarantee an absence of direct DC current injection into each cathode electrode.

FIG. 6 provides yet another design for a multi-electrode implantable stimulator 10. This type of design is often used in a spinal cord stimulator (SCS), such as that illustrated in the above-referenced '868 application. An SCS 10 will typically have a case which is coupled by leads to an electrode array. The electrode array is implanted into the patient's spine, while the case is implanted at a distant, less-critical location, such as in the patient's buttocks. Because the case is not implanted right at the location requiring stimulation, the case of the SCS 10 can typically be larger than the various microstimulators illustrated to this point.

As seen in FIG. 6, the SCS 10 has a plurality of electrodes E1-En. Hardwired to each electrode are decoupling capacitors C1-Cn, and coupled to each of these capacitors are DACs 20 ₁-20 _(n). In this particular design, the DACs can be controlled to operate as either current sources or current sinks, and thus their associated electrodes can comprise anodes or cathodes. Shown in FIG. 6 is an example in which DAC 20 ₂ is active as a source thus designating E2 as an anode, and DAC 20 ₄ is active as a sink thus designating E4 as a cathode. All other DACs, and their associated electrodes, are inactive.

Because the SCS 10 has individually-controllable DACs dedicated to each of the electrodes, current can readily be steered between the two electrodes. That is, two or more of the electrodes can act as cathodes (sinks) and/or two or more of the electrodes can act as anodes (sources) at one time. Moreover, because each electrode is hardwired to a decoupling capacitor C1-Cn, there is no risk of direct DC current injection into the tissue R of the patient, even during current steering.

The SCS 10 system therefore has many favorable functional benefits. However, the requirement that each of the N electrodes be hardwired to a dedicated decoupling capacitor means that N decoupling capacitors must be provided. As mentioned before, these capacitors can take up significant space in the case of the implantable stimulator. This may not be as critical of a concern where the implantable stimulator is an SCS 10 for example, because as mentioned, that type of device can generally support a larger case. However, where a small-sized microstimulator is concerned, the requirement of N capacitors for each of the N electrodes is prohibitive.

Accordingly, the inventor believes that the implantable stimulator art, and particularly the multi-electrode microstimulator art, would benefit from an architecture that would minimize device size and ensure patient safety. Specifically desirable would be a design that would minimize the number of decoupling capacitors required, but which would still prevent DC current injection even during current steering. Embodiments of such a solution are provided herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the basic electrical components of a bi-electrode microstimulator in accordance with the prior art.

FIGS. 3A through 3C illustrate the basic electrical components of multi-electrode microstimulators in accordance with the prior art.

FIG. 4 illustrates the concept of current steering between electrodes in a multi-electrode stimulator device.

FIG. 5 illustrates DC current injection while steering the multi-electrode microstimulator of FIG. 3C.

FIG. 6 illustrates the basic electrical components of a spinal cord stimulator in accordance with the prior art.

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate a single anode/multiple cathode stimulator having a minimal number of decoupling capacitors in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 8A-8D illustrate another single anode/multiple cathode stimulator having a minimal number of decoupling capacitors in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a modification to the single anode/multiple cathode stimulators having one additional decoupling capacitor.

FIG. 10 illustrates implementation of the invention in a single cathode/multiple anode configuration.

FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate implementation of the invention in a multiple anode/multiple cathode configuration having a minimal number of decoupling capacitors.

FIG. 12 illustrates a modification to the multiple anode/multiple cathode stimulator of FIG. 11A having one additional decoupling capacitor.

FIG. 13 illustrates another implementation of the invention in a multiple anode/multiple cathode configuration having a minimal number of decoupling capacitors.

FIG. 14 illustrates a modification to the multiple anode/multiple cathode stimulator of FIG. 13 having one additional decoupling capacitor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Architectures for implantable stimulators having N electrodes are disclosed. The architectures contains X current sources, or DACs. In a single anode/multiple cathode design, one of the electrodes is designated as the anode, and up to X of the electrodes can be designated as cathodes and independently controlled by one of the X DACs, allowing complex patient therapy and current steering between electrodes. The design uses at least X decoupling capacitors: X capacitors in the X cathode paths, or one in the anode path and X−1 in the X cathode paths. In a multiple anode/multiple cathode design having X DACs, a total of X−1 decoupling capacitors are needed. Because the number of DACs X can typically be much less than the total number of electrodes (N), these architectures minimize the number of decoupling capacitors which saves space, and ensures no DC current injection even during current steering.

A first embodiment of an improved multi-electrode stimulator 100 is shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, and a second embodiment 100′ is shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B. The stimulators 100 and 100′ comprise single anode/multiple cathode stimulators similar to microstimulator 8 illustrated earlier in FIG. 3C. However, stimulators 100 or 100′ could also be employed in a spinal cord stimulator 10 similar to that illustrated in FIG. 6, or in any other implantable stimulator.

Stimulators 100 and 100′ comprises N electrodes, E1-En. In the configurations shown, any one of the electrodes can be programmed as the anode, and one or more of the other electrodes can be programmed as cathodes. As best shown in FIGS. 7B and 8B, any of the electrodes E1-En can be programmed as the anode via selection of its corresponding anode selection switch 68 ₁-68 _(n). However, it is not important to the invention that the anode electrode be programmable. Instead, a dedicated anode electrode, similar to microstimulator 4 shown in FIG. 3A, could also be used.

Recovery switches 64 and 66 a-66 x are shown in FIGS. 7B and 8B for completeness. However, because the operation of such recovery circuitry is essentially similar to that discussed earlier, and is not required in embodiments of the invention, such circuitry is not again discussed.

In the both of stimulators 100 and 100′, there are X DACs 20 a-20 x, and X switch matrices 81 a-x for coupling those DACs to any of the electrodes E1-En. Each switch matrix 81 comprises N cathode selection switches 62 _(1-n) to couple a given DAC 20 to any of the N electrodes. For example, if it was desired to couple DAC 20 b to electrode E1, thus designating electrode E1 as a cathode, then selection switch 62 b ₁ in switch matrix 81 b would be selected.

Because there are X DACs 20 a-20 x, a maximum of X electrodes can act as cathodes at any given time. (Actually, it is possible that more than X electrodes can act as cathodes so long as some of these cathodes share one of the DACs, but this possibility is not further discussed). Moreover, the current at each of those X cathode electrodes can be individually and simultaneously controlled. It would normally be the case that X (the number of DACs, or the maximum number of cathodes) is smaller than N (the number of electrodes). This is true because it is generally only desired to allow some subset of the electrodes (as opposed to all electrodes) act as cathodes at a given time. For example, in a microstimulator having N=8 electrodes, it might be desirable to at most designate X=3 cathodes at one time. In an even simpler example illustrated in FIG. 8D, which presents an implementation of stimulator 100′, there are N=4 electrodes and X=2 DACs. This allows one electrode to operate as the anode, while at most two electrodes can operates as cathodes. In any event, because of the use of X individually-controllable DACs 20, current in the improved stimulator 100 can be steered, such as was illustrated in FIG. 4. As noted earlier, current steering is a useful feature in an implantable stimulator.

Unlike the microstimulator 8 of FIG. 3C, such steering can occur safely in stimulators 100 and 100′ with no DC current injection into the patient's tissue R. Even further, and unlike the SCS 10 of FIG. 6, such safety is achieved by using a minimal number of decoupling capacitors.

Specifically, in each of stimulators 100 and 100′, only X decoupling capacitors (i.e., equal to the number of DACs) are required to ensure no DC current injection. In the improved stimulator 100 of FIGS. 7A and 7B, there are no capacitors in the anode path, and X capacitors 44 a to 44 x in the cathode paths. In the improved stimulator 100′ of FIGS. 8A and 8B, there is one capacitor 42 in the anode path, and X−1 capacitors 44 a to 44(x−1) in the cathode paths. Again, because X is usually less than N, this cuts the total number of decoupling capacitors down from N to X when compared to the approach of FIG. 6 for example.

Even when only X total capacitors are used, the improved stimulators 100 and 100′ guarantee no DC current injection in any path, even during current steering. This can be noticed from the different scenarios illustrated in FIGS. 7C and 8C for stimulators 100 and 100′ respectively.

Starting with stimulator 100 and FIG. 7C, Scenario I shows selection of a single cathode electrode Ey using DAC 20 a having a decoupling capacitor 44 a. In this case, the cathode capacitor 44 a prevents DC current injection at electrode Ey (Idc_(c1)=0). Because the sum of the DC currents must equal 0 at the common node established by the patent's tissue R, then the current in the anode path at electrode Ex (Idc_(a)) must also equal 0, even though the anode path lacks a capacitor.

Scenarios II and III include the selection of additional cathode electrodes, such that, generically speaking, one anode and Y cathodes are simultaneously designated as a given time. However, because each of the cathode paths includes a capacitor, and hence draws no DC current, then the current in the single anode path (Idc_(a)) must again equal 0.

In stimulator 100′ of FIGS. 8A and 8B, because only X−1 decoupling capacitors are in the cathode current paths, one of the DACs (e.g., 20 x) is not coupled to a capacitor. However, because stimulator 100′ also includes a capacitor 42 in the anode path, the lack of a capacitor in the one cathode path does not raise concerns about DC current injection, even during current steering.

This can be noticed from the different scenarios illustrated in FIG. 8C. Scenario I shows selection of a single cathode electrode Ey using DAC 20 a having a decoupling capacitor 44 a. In this case, both the anode capacitor 42 and the cathode capacitor 44 a prevent DC current injection along the singular current path established. Scenario II shows selection of a single cathode electrode Ey using DAC 20 x that does not have a decoupling capacitor. In this case, the anode capacitor 42 prevents DC current injection along the singular current path established.

Scenarios III to V illustrates the selection of additional cathode electrodes, such that, generically speaking, one anode and Y cathodes are simultaneously designated as a given time. Scenarios III and IV select two cathode electrodes Ey and Ez as cathodes, which could be a permanent therapy setting for a given patient or could be a temporary setting such as occurs during current steering between electrodes. In Scenario III, DACs 20 a and 20 b are used, each having a capacitor 44 a and 44 b. As capacitors are present in the anode path and both cathode paths, it is elementary that no DC current injection is possible. In scenario IV, DAC 20 x, which lacks a capacitor, is used, along with DAC 20 b, which includes a capacitor 44 b. In this case, the DC current in the anode path is Idc_(a)=0 by virtue of anode capacitor 42. The DC current in the cathode path established by DAC 20 b is Idc_(c1)=0 by virtue of cathode capacitor 44 b. Because the sum of the DC currents must equal 0 at the common node established by the patent's tissue R, the DC current in the cathode path established by DAC 20 x (Idc_(c2)) is 0, even though that path lacks a decoupling capacitor. Scenario V furthers this example by the addition of yet another cathode path, but still the DC current in the cathode path established by DAC 20 x (Idc_(c3)) is 0.

To summarize, in stimulator 100′, the cathode path established by DAC 20 x need not contain a decoupling capacitor because all other paths to the patient's tissue R, i.e., the anode path and all other cathode paths, will contains a decoupling capacitor. Therefore, the circuitry is guaranteed to have no DC current injection into the patient's tissue, despite the lack of a decoupling capacitor in DAC 20 x's cathode path.

While there is a size benefit to using only X capacitors, it should be noted that X+1 capacitors can also be used in another embodiment, such as stimulator 100″ shown in FIG. 9. In this embodiment, there is one capacitor 42 in the anode path, and X capacitors 44 a to 44 x in the cathode paths. Although stimulator 100″ contains one additional capacitor when compared with stimulators 100 and 100′, it can still result in a smaller number of capacitors than in previous approaches requiring N capacitors, i.e., X+1 can still be significantly less than N. For example, consider the example discussed earlier of a microstimulator having N=8 electrodes with X=3 cathode electrodes activatable at one time. Regardless of whether 3 (X) or 4 (X+1) capacitors are used, the total number is still significantly less than 8 (N), resulting in substantial space savings.

To this point in the disclosure, it has been assumed that the improved stimulators 100 or 100′ comprise a single anode/multiple cathode design. However, and as shown in FIG. 10, either of these embodiments can also be implemented in a multiple anode/single cathode design. FIG. 10 shows a multiple anode/single cathode stimulator 102 modeled after stimulator 100′ having a single cathode path capacitor 42 and X−1 anode path capacitors 42 a to 42(x−1). In this design, the circuitry has been modified to include cathode switches 62 ₁-62 _(n), which allows any one of the electrodes E1-En to function as the cathode or current sink. Multiple anodes can be selected via anode selection switches 68 a ₁ to 68 x _(n), which in conjunction with DACs 20 a-20 x can allow more than one electrode to act as an anode or current source at one time. Regardless of the cathode chosen, decoupling capacitor 44 will remain in the cathode path. Notice again that DACs 20 a-20(x−1) are coupled to decoupling capacitors 42 a to 42(x−1), while the anode path containing DAC 20 x contains no decoupling capacitor. However, for the same reasons discussed above, such architecture still guarantees no DC current injection, and is safe in this respect.

To this point in the disclosure, embodiments of the invention have been illustrated in either single anode/multiple cathode or multiple anode/single cathode configurations. However, the invention is also extendable to a multiple anode/multiple cathode configuration, such as is shown in stimulator 110 of FIG. 11A. As shown, separate DACs are provided to service both the anodes and the cathodes. Specifically, NDACs 20 a-20 i comprise current sinks and thus operate as cathode current sources, and are coupleable via cathode selection switches 62 to designate any of electrodes E1-En as cathodes. Likewise, PDACs 21 a-21 j comprise opposite-polarity anode current sources, and are coupleable via anode selection switches 68 to designate any of electrodes E1-En as anodes. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, reference to “N” or “P” DACs relates to the polarity of the devices preferably used in the DAC circuitry, with PDACs generally comprising P-channel transistors, and NDACs generally comprising N-channel transistors. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0038250. As shown, there are I NDACs 20, and therefore (assuming no DAC sharing), I of the electrodes can act as cathodes at any given time. There are J PDACs 21, and therefore (again assuming no sharing), J of the electrodes can act as anodes at a given time. In this example, I+J=X, meaning (consistent with earlier examples) that there are a total of X DACs 20 or 21 and a maximum of X electrodes that can be active (I cathodes and J anodes) at one time. In a sensible application, I and J could be equal.

Multiple anode/multiple cathode stimulator 110 comprises at least X−1 decoupling capacitors. This means a decoupling capacitor can be missing from any of the X NDACs 20 or PDACs 21 illustrated, but as shown, the capacitor is missing from the anode path coupled to the last PDAC 21 j. Thus, in the illustrated example, there are I cathode path capacitors, and J−1 anode path capacitors, for a total of X−1 capacitors.

Even though a capacitor is missing from PDAC 21 j's anode path, the design is still guaranteed to allow no DC current injection at any electrode, because once again, the presence of capacitors in all other anode and cathode paths prevents this. The scenario illustrated in FIG. 11B shows this, and based on similar earlier illustrations, should be self explanatory. Generically, assume P electrodes can be designated as anodes, including at least electrode Ey coupled to PDAC 21 j. Likewise, Q electrodes are simultaneously designated as cathodes. The result is P+Q−1 capacitors in the various paths. However, there can be no DC current injection into PDAC 21 j's anode path despite the missing capacitor. Therefore, the X−1 capacitors ensure no DC current injection into the node formed by the patient's tissue R. Although the capacitor is shown as missing in an anode path, the capacitor may also be missing from one of the cathode paths to the same effect.

Because only X−1 decoupling capacitors are required in the stimulator 110 of FIG. 11A, and because X can normally be made smaller than the total number of electrodes N, stimulator 110 can be made smaller than approaches requires N decoupling capacitors (see, e.g., FIG. 6). For example, consider a spinal cord stimulator having N=16 electrodes, and which has three NDACs 20 and three PDACs 21, meaning that a total of X=6 electrodes (I=3 anodes, J=3 cathodes) can be activated at any given time. Such a design would require only X−1=5 decoupling capacitors instead of 16 as had been typical in previous spinal cord stimulator designs.

FIG. 12 illustrates a modification to the embodiment of stimulator 110 of FIG. 11A in which no decoupling capacitor is missing from any of the anode or cathode paths. Although this stimulator 110′ requires one additional capacitor compared to stimulator 110 (X versus X−1), it can still result in a substantial reduction in the number of capacitors required. For example, and continuing the example above, the number of capacitors in a spinal cord stimulator could be cut from 16 to six for example.

FIG. 13 illustrates yet another multiple anode/multiple cathode stimulator 120. In comparison to stimulator 110 of FIG. 11A which was implemented using discrete NDACs and PDAC, stimulator 120 comprise X generic DACs 27 a-x. DACs 27 a-x are programmable to operate either as cathode (sink) current sources or anode (source) current sources, and therefore may comprise a combination of known NDAC and PDAC circuitry. DACs 27 a-x are coupleable to any of the N electrodes by switch matrices 83 a-x. Because the DACs 27 a-x are programmable to either sink or source current, the selection switches 69 in each of the switch matrices 83 may be implementable as transmission gates having both P and N channel transistors which can pass the sourced or sunk current with equal efficiency. The X DACs 27 a-x permit X of the electrodes can act as cathodes or anodes at any given time. More specifically, because there must be at least one cathode and anode at any given time, there can be M cathodes and X−M anodes active at any given time, which M is a positive integer.

Like stimulator 110, multiple anode/multiple cathode stimulator 120 comprises at least X−1 decoupling capacitors, as shown in FIG. 13. This means a decoupling capacitor 45 can be missing from any of the X DACs 27 illustrated, but as shown, the capacitor is missing from the current path coupled DAC 27 x. Even though a capacitor is missing from DAC 27 x's current path, the design is still guaranteed to allow no DC current injection at any electrode, because once again, the presence of capacitors in all other current paths prevents this. To summarize, because the X−1 capacitors prevent DC current injection into the node formed by the patient's tissue R, there can be no DC current injection into PDAC 27 x's current path despite the missing capacitor. As with earlier embodiments, because only X−1 decoupling capacitors are required, stimulator 120 can generally be made smaller, etc.

FIG. 14 illustrates a modification to the embodiment of stimulator 120 of FIG. 13 in which no decoupling capacitor is missing from any of the current paths. Although this stimulator 120′ requires one additional capacitor compared to stimulator 120 (X versus X−1), it can still result in a substantial reduction in the number of capacitors required.

The disclosed stimulators improves upon the prior art. Because they contains a smaller number of DACs (X) relative to the number of electrodes (N), and accordingly contains a smaller number of decoupling capacitors (either X−1, X, or X+1 depending on the embodiment considered), the stimulator can be incorporated into a relatively small case. This facilitates use as a multi-electrode microstimulator for example, or allows a spinal cord stimulator case to be made that much smaller. Moreover, the disclosed designs guarantee no DC current injection, even during current steering, i.e., during the simultaneous activation of more than one cathode and/or more than one anode.

This disclosure has referred to “anodes” as being sources of current and “cathodes” as sinks of current. However, because this designation is relative, an “anode” can also refer to a sink of current and a “cathode” can also refer to a source of current. Therefore, as used herein, “anode” and “cathode” should simply be understood as having opposite polarities.

While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof, numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the literal and equivalent scope of the invention set forth in the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An implantable medical device, comprising: an implantable case; an electrode array coupled to the case by one or more leads, wherein the electrode array comprises a plurality of electrodes; a first current path coupleable to a first of the plurality of electrodes, wherein the first current path comprises an anode or cathode current path; a plurality of second current paths each coupleable to a second plurality of the plurality of electrodes, wherein each of the second current paths comprises the other of an anode or cathode current path when compared to the first current path, wherein the first current path and the second current paths together comprise X current paths; and a plurality of X−1 capacitors, wherein one of the X−1 capacitors is placed in one of the X current paths such that only one of the X current paths does not include a capacitor.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein one of the X−1 capacitors is placed in each of the second current paths such that only the first current path does not include a capacitor.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein one of the X−1 capacitors is placed in the first current path, and one of the remaining X−1 capacitors is placed in some of the second current paths such that only one of the second current paths does not include a capacitor.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the first current path comprises an anode current path and the plurality of second current paths comprise cathode current paths.
 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the first electrode comprises a dedicated anode electrode coupled to the anode current path.
 6. The device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of digital-to-analog converters each configured to provide a current in one of the second current path.
 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the first current path is connected to a compliance voltage, and wherein each digital-to-analog converter is connected to ground.
 8. The device of claim 6, wherein the first current path is connected to ground, and wherein each digital-to-analog converter is connected to a compliance voltage.
 9. The device of claim 1, further comprising a switch matrix in each second current path, wherein each switch matrix is configured to connect its second current path to any of the plurality of second electrodes.
 10. The device of claim 9, further comprising a digital-to-analog converter each coupled to one of the switch matrices, wherein if one of the X−1 capacitors is placed in a second current path, it is placed in that second current path between its digital-to-analog converter and its switch matrix.
 11. An implantable medical device, comprising: an implantable case; an electrode array coupled to the case by one or more leads, wherein the electrode array comprises a plurality of electrodes; a plurality of first current paths each coupleable to one of the plurality of electrodes, wherein each of the first current paths comprises an anode current path or each of the first current paths comprises a cathode current path; a plurality of second current paths each coupleable to one of the plurality of electrodes, wherein each of the second current paths comprises the other of an anode or cathode current path when compared to the first current paths, wherein the first current paths and the second current paths together comprise X current paths; and a plurality of X−1 capacitors, wherein one of the X−1 capacitors is placed in one of the X current paths such that only one of the X current paths does not include a capacitor.
 12. The device of claim 11, wherein one of the X−1 capacitors is placed in each of the second current paths such that only one of the first current paths does not include a capacitor.
 13. The device of claim 11, wherein one of the X−1 capacitors is placed in each of the first current paths such that only one of the second current paths does not include a capacitor.
 14. The device of claim 11, wherein the first current paths comprises anode current paths and the second current paths comprise cathode current paths.
 15. The device of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of digital-to-analog converters each configured to provide a current in one of the X current paths.
 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the first current paths are connected to a compliance voltage, and wherein each digital-to-analog converter is connected to ground.
 17. The device of claim 11, further comprising a first switch matrix in each first current path and a second switch matrix in each second current path, wherein each first switch matrix is configured to connect its first current path to any of the plurality of electrodes, and wherein each second switch matrix is configured to connect its second current path to any of the plurality of electrodes.
 18. The device of claim 17, further comprising a digital-to-analog converter each coupled to one of the first and second switch matrices, wherein if one of the X−1 capacitors is placed in a first or second current path, it is placed in that first or second current path between its digital-to-analog converter and its first or second switch matrix.
 19. An implantable medical device, comprising: an implantable case; an electrode array coupled to the case by one or more leads, wherein the electrode array comprises a plurality of electrodes; a plurality of digital-to-analog converters each configured to provide a current to one of X current paths; a switch matrix in each one of the X current paths, wherein each switch matrix is configured to connect its current path to any of the plurality of electrodes; and a plurality of X−1 capacitors, wherein one of the X−1 capacitors is placed in one of the X current paths such that only one of the X current paths does not include a capacitor.
 20. The device of claim 19, wherein if one of the X−1 capacitors is placed in one of the X current paths, it is placed between the digital-to-analog converter and the switch matrix in that current path. 